Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Multibody Computer Model of the Entire Equine Forelimb Simulates Forces Causing Catastrophic Fractures of the Carpus during a Traditional Race

doi: 10.3390/ani12060737

Figure Lengend Snippet: Workflow used to build a simplified equine carpus model ( A – E ). The radial carpal bone (Cr) was fractured into two main pieces ( A ). The fractured volumes of the Cr were segmented ( B ). The Cr was virtually reconstructed by aligning the bone fragments and applying a wrapping function to reproduce the non-fractured bone surface ( C ). All the articulating bones of the carpal joint were segmented, and the respective three-dimensional (3D) solid geometries were created using software for 3D image processing. The 3D model was imported in multibody software and the gravity, and the weight forces were introduced ( D ). The collateral ligaments and the dorsal retinaculum were modelled ( E ). The short and long medial collateral ligaments (s-MCL and l-MCL), and the short and long lateral collateral ligaments (s-LCL and l-LCL) were introduced in the model. The short and long medial retinaculum (s-MR and l-MR) blended with the dorsal joint capsule and fascia were modelled. The intercarpal ligaments were modelled as bushing elements, acting between two bones proportionally to their relative linear and angular displacements and velocities.

Article Snippet: Thus, the obtained 3D geometries were imported into multibody software (v.2017, MD Adams, MSC Software Corporation GmbH, Munich, Germany), where a dynamic model was implemented.

Techniques: Software

Journal:

Article Title: Multibody dynamic simulation of knee contact mechanics

doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.07.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survey of three-dimensional knee contact models where bone poses are determined using multibody rather than finite element methods. Bones are treated as rigid bodies possessing rigid or deformable contact surfaces. Only one study was dynamic and used a full-body rather than knee-only model, though this study used rigid rather than deformable contact theory.

Article Snippet: The first application involves static analysis (via dynamic simulation) of a natural knee model and the second is a dynamic simulation of an artificial knee model. A commercial multibody dynamics simulation code (Pro/MECHANICA MOTION, Parametric Technology Corporation, Waltham, MA) was used as the test bed for both models, where the tibia was welded to ground and the femur connected to the tibia via a six degree-of-freedom joint.

Techniques: